Stainless

Stainless Steel T-303 (UNS S 30300)

18-8 Chromium- Nickel Freemachining Stainless Steel Available mainly in wire and bar form to ASTM A581 and A582

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo
.15Max	2.0Max	.20Max	.15Min	1.0Max	17/19	8/10	.60Opt.

Characteristics

A sulphur-bearing chromium-nickel austenitic steel, this grade offers excellent machinability, non-galling properties and good corrosion resistance. It is non-magnetic in the annealed condition and is not hardenable by heat treatment. However, tensile strength and hardness can be increased by cold working. Welding is not recommended for T-03, but if necessary use T-308 electrodes and the welds must be annealed. Machinability is rated at 60% – 100 surface feet per minute

Typical Applications

Used almost exclusively for parts requiring machining and primarily in automatic screw machines. Bushings, fittings, shafts, valves, bolts and nuts.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

T-303 has slightly less general corrosion resistance than T-302/T-304 due to the sulphur content. It has good resistance to scaling up to 870℃ in continuous service and to 760℃ in intermittent service

Stainless Steel T-303 (UNS S 30300)	Mechanical Properties – T-303 Bar sizes – Typical Please note that ASTM A582 does not specify detailed mechanical properties (as above) except that the hardness shall not exceed HB 262. Accordingly mill test certificates will not usually show these details
Spec	H.R. Ann	Ann & CF
Tensile Strength, psi	90,000	100,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	620	690
Yield Strength, psi	35,000	60,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	241	414
Elongation (%)	50	40
Reduction of Area (%)	55	50
Hardness	163	229

Stainless Steel T-303 (UNS S 30300)	Mechanical Properties – T-303 Wire Sizes ASTM A581 specifies tensile strength as follows
Spec	Cond. ‘A’ – Annealed	Cond. ‘B’ – Cold Worked
Tensile Strength, psi	85,000/125,000	115,000/145,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	590/860	790/1000

Stainless Steel T-304, T-304H, T-304L (UNS S30400, S30409, S30403)

18 – 10 Chromium-Nickel austenitic stainless steel
Available in most forms – sheets, plates & coils to ASTM A240; bar sections to ASTM A276 & A479

Typical Analysis

T-304
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	N
.08 Max	2.8 Max	.045 Max	.03 Max	1.0 Max	18/20	8/10.5	.1 Max
T-304H
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	N
.04/.10	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.03 Max	1.0 Max	18/20	8/10.5	–
T-304L
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	N
.03 Max	2.8 Max	.045 Max	.03 Max	.75 Max	18/20	8/12	.1 Max

Characteristics

Perhaps the most versatile and widely used general purpose austenitic stainless steel. It is excellent for forming, drawing and welding, and provides good corrosion resistance without post-weld annealing. The extra low carbon analysis of T-304L, which further restricts carbide precipitation during welding permits the use of this steel in corrosive service in the as-welded condition. T-304L is essential particularly where heavier sections are involved. T-304H is a modification with .04/.10 carbon and no nitrogen content. The mechanical test requirements are the same as T-304 but the ‘H’ type is not normally subject to intergranular corrosion testing. T-304 cannot be hardened by thermal treatment but it does work harden. It is non-magnetic when annealed. Machinability is approximately 45% – 75 surface feet per minute

Typical Applications

These grades are used extensively in the dairy, beverage, brewing, wine and food industries where the highest degree of cleanliness is of prime importance. Chemical equipment and storage tanks, cryogenic vessels, sinks, saucepans and kitchen equipment, architectural trim, petroleum refinery equipment

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

T-304 is highly resistant to strong oxidizing acids, such as nitric acid, and resists many organic and inorganic chemicals. Excellent for hot petroleum products. It has good scale resistance up to 900℃ in continuous service and 843℃ for intermittent service. T-304L would be equal and generally superior.

Stainless Steel T-304, T-304H, T-304L (UNS S30400, S30409, S30403)	Stainless Steel T-304, T-304H, T-304L (UNS S30400, S30409, S30403)- Typical at Room Temperature
Bars	T-304	T-304H	T-304L
Tensile Strength, psi	85,000	85,000	83,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	586	586	572
Yield Strength, psi	35,000	35,000	34,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	241	241	234
Elongation (%)	60	60	60
Hardness	149	149	146

Stainless Steel T-304, T-304H, T-304L (UNS S30400, S30409, S30403)	Mechanical Properties – Sheet Typical at Room Temperature
Sheet	T-304	T-304H	T-304L
Tensile Strength, psi	84,000	84,000	81,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	579	579	558
Yield Strength, psi	42,000	42,000	39,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	290	290	270
Elongation (%)	55	55	55
Hardness	146 (80)	146 (80)	143 (79)

Stainless Steel T-304, T-304H, T-304L (UNS S30400, S30409, S30403)	Mechanical Properties – Plate Typical at Room Temperature
Plate	T-304	T-304H	T-304L
Tensile Strength, psi	82,000	82,000	79,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	565	565	545
Yield Strength, psi	35,000	35,000	33,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	241	241	228
Elongation (%)	60	60	60
Hardness	149 (81)	149 (81)	143 (79)

Stainless Steel T-304, T-304H, T-304L (UNS S30400, S30409, S30403)

18 – 10 Chromium-Nickel austenitic stainless steel
Available in most forms – sheets, plates & coils to ASTM A240; bar sections to ASTM A276 & A479

Typical Analysis

T-310
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni
.25 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.5 Max	24/26	19/22
T-304H
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni
.08 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.5 Max	24/26 Max	19/22

Characteristics

These are austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels with excellent oxidation resistance and capable of resisting temperatures up to 1150˚C in continuous service. They also provide good resistance to carburizing environments. T-310S is simply a low carbon modification which is to be preferred in welded construction.

Typical Applications

Furnace parts, carburizing boxes, heat treating trays, oven linings, heat exchangers, gas turbine parts, jet engine rings.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

Primarily designed for heat resistance, T-310/T-310S are good to 1150℃ for continuous service and offer resistance to 1038℃ for intermittent service. They provide good resistance to thermal fatigue and cyclic heating. Excellent corrosion resistance at normal temperatures, with good resistance to carburizing and reducing environments at high temperatures.

Mechanical Properties

Typical – at Room Temperature
Tensile Strength – 95,000 psi (655 N/mm²)
Yield Strength – 45,000 psi (310 N/mm²)
Elongation – 50
Hardness – Rb 179 (89)

Stainless Steel T-316, T-316L, T-316N (UNS S31600, S31603, S31653)

18-12-3 Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum austenitic stainless steel.
Available in most forms & sheets, plates and coils to ASTM A240; bar sections to ASTM A276 & A479

Typical Analysis

T-316
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	N
.08 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	16/18	10/14	2/3	.10 Max
T-316L
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	M	N
.03 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	16/18 Max	10/14	2/3	.10 Max
T-304L
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	M	N
.08	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	16/18 Max	10/14	2/3	.10/16

Characteristics

In simple terms, T-316 is a molybdenum bearing T-304; the addition of molybdenum greatly increases its corrosion resistance and its mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. This combination of corrosion resistance and high creep and tensile strength, plus good cold forming and drawing properties makes T-316 suitable for a very wide range of applications.
T-316L is a low-carbon modification which minimizes carbide precipitation during welding and exposure to elevated temperatures in the 425˚C/815˚C range. It can be used in the as-welded condition. T-316N has a higher nitrogen content than T-316 to increase strength with minimum effect on ductility and corrosion resistance.
T-316 is non-magnetic in the annealed condition and cannot be hardened by thermal treatment, but it does work harden. Machinability is approximately 42% – 70 surface feet per minute
T-316 is also available in Pump Shaft quality.

Typical Applications

Widely used in the pulp and paper, chemical, petro-chemical, fertilizer and pharmaceutical industries. Heat exchangers, marine applications, aircraft industry, fittings, architectural components.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

T-316 is more resistant to corrosive conditions than any of the more commonly used stainless grades (but see T-317). Very good resistance to the sulphur compounds used in pulp and paper processing. Good resistance to sulphuric, sulphurous and phosphoric acids and salts, also hydrogen sulphide; but poor resistance to hydrocloric and hydrofluoric acids. Excellent scale resistance at temperatures up to 900℃ in continuous service and up to 850℃ for intermittent service.

Stainless Steel T-316, T-316L, T-316N (UNS S31600, S31603, S31653)	Mechanical Properties – Bar Typical at Room Temperature
Bars	T-316	T-316L	T-316N
Tensile Strength, psi	80,000	75,000	90,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	552	517	621
Yield Strength, psi	30,000	30,000	42,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	207	207	290
Elongation (%)	60	60	55
Hardness	166 (86)	149 (81)	183 (90)

Stainless Steel T-316, T-316L, T-316N (UNS S31600, S31603, S31653)	Mechanical Properties – Sheet Typical at Room Temperature
Sheet	T-316	T-316L	T-316N
Tensile Strength, psi	84,000	79,000	90,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	579	545	621
Yield Strength, psi	42,000	38,000	48,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	290	262	331
Elongation (%)	50	55	48
Hardness	149 (81)	146 (80)	170 (87)

Stainless Steel T-316, T-316L, T-316N (UNS S31600, S31603, S31653)	Mechanical Properties – Plate Typical at Room Temperature
Plate	T-316	T-316L	T-316N
Tensile Strength, psi	82,000	78,000	88,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	585	538	607
Yield Strength, psi	36,000	35,000	46,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	248	241	317
Elongation (%)	55	68	50
Hardness	146 (80)	143 (79)	166 (86)

Stainless Steel T-316, T-316L, T-316N (UNS S31600, S31603, S31653)

Strain Hardened Bar, Centerless Ground

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	N
.03 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	16/18	10/14	2/3	.10 Max

Characteristics

Cold drawn, centreless ground.
Typical Surface Finish:
- Clean, bright smooth finish; defect free.
- Smoother finish than Smooth Turned. RMS
- Finish: 30 max guaranteed.
Straightness 0.0625″ in 5 ft.

Typical Applications

Boat shafting, cylinder rods, pulp, paper, chemical and petro chemical industries.

Size Range Rounds

Tolerances – Plus or Minus in inches

125 – .317	000 to .001
.318 – .500	000 to .0015
.501 – .999	000 to .002
1.000 – 1.499	000 to .0025
1.500 – 3.499	1.500 – 3.499
3.500 – 6.750	000 to .004

Stainless Steel T-316, T-316L, T-316N (UNS S31600, S31603, S31653)	Physical Properties – Type Condition
	Tensile Min, psi (MPa)	Yield Min, psi (MPa)	Elongation in 2″ or 50mm	Reduction of area min.%
316/316LStrain-Hardened	95000	75000	25	40
2″ and under	[650]	[515]
over 2″ to 2 1/2″	95000	65000	30	40
(50.8 to 63.5mm) incl.	[650]	[450]
over 2 1/2″ to 3 1/2″	80000	55000	30	40
(63.5 to 88.9mm) incl.	[550]	[380]
over 3 1/2″ to 4″	80000	45000	30	60
(88.9 to 101.6mm) incl.	[550]	[310]

Stainless Steel T-316 Pump Shaft Quality

This grade is annealed, centreless ground and polished.

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	N
.8 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	16/18	10/18	2/3Max	.10

Characteristics

In simple terms, T-316 is a molybdenum bearing T-304; the addition of molybdenum greatly increases its corrosion resistance and its mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. This combination of corrosion resistance and high creep and tensile strength, plus good cold forming and drawing properties makesT-316 suitable for a very wide range of applications.
T-316L is a a low-carbon modification which minimizes carbide precipitation during welding and exposure to elevated temperatures in the 425˚C/815˚C range. lt can be used in the as-welded condition. T-316N has a higher nitrogen content than T-316 to increase strength with minimum effect on ductility and corrosion resistance.
T-316 is non-magnetic in the annealed condition and cannot be hardened by thermal treatment, but it does work harden. Machinability is approximately 42% – 70 surface feet per minute.

Typical Applications

Widely used in the pulp and paper, chemical, petro-chemical, Fertilizer and pharmaceutical industries. Heat exchangers, marine applications, aircraft industry, fittings, architectural components. Pump Shafts.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

T-316 is more resistant to corrosive conditions than any of the more commonly used stainless grades (but see T-317). Very good resistance to the sulphur compounds used in pulp and paper processing. Good resistance to sulphuric, sulphurous and phosphoric acids and salts, also hydrogen sulphide; but poor resistance to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Excellent scale resistance at temperatures up to 900˚C in continuous service, and up to 850˚C for intermittent service.

Mechanical Properties

75,000 psi minimum tensile strength
30,000 psi minimum yield
35% minimum elongation (in 2″)
50% minimum reduction of area (R/A)

Tolerances

Straightness Tolerance – 0.0015″ per foot
Maximum out-of-round – 1/2 total diameter tol.
Diameter Tolerance:

Size	Tolerance
.875″-.999″	+0/- 0.0020″
1.000″-1.4375″	+0/- 0.0025″
1.4376″-4.000″	+0/- 0.0030″

Stainless Steel T-317, T-317L (UNS S31700, S31703)

20-13-4 Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum austenitic stainless steel.
Available in most forms, but owing to low-volume usage not as readily available as T-316.

Typical Analysis

T-317
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	N
.08 Max	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	18/20	11/15	3/4	.10 Max
T-317L
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	N
.04/.10	2.0 Max	.045 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	18/20	11/15	3/4	.10 Max

Characteristics

Essentially similar to T-316; but the increased chromium, nickel and molybdenum content results in better corrosion resistance, higher tensile strength and higher creep strength than T-316.
T-317L with .03% maximum carbon content is used to restrict carbide precipitation during welding and in applications where maximum corrosion resistance is required. In fact, for small quantities, T-317 is frequently available only as T-317L.
T-317 is non-magnetic in the annealed condition and is non-hardenable by heat treatment. Machinability is 39% – 65 surface feet per minute.

Typical Applications

Pulp and paper, chemical and pharmaceutical processing equipment and machinery.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

Significantly better corrosion resistance that T-316 in the same environments. Good oxidation resistance in continuous service to 925℃ and in intermittent service to 879℃.

Stainless Steel T-317, T-317L (UNS S31700, S31703)	Mechanical Properties – Bar Typical at Room Temperature
Bars	T-317	T-317L
Tensile Strength, psi	85,000	85,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	586	586
Yield Strength, psi	40,000	35,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	276	241
Elongation (%)	50	55
Hardness	160 (82)	146 (80)

Stainless Steel T-317, T-317L (UNS S31700, S31703)	Mechanical Properties – Sheet Typical at Room Temperature
Sheet	T-317	T-317L
Tensile Strength, psi	90,000	86,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	621	593
Yield Strength, psi	43,000	38,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	296	262
Elongation (%)	45	55
Hardness	166 (86)	167 (83)

Stainless Steel T-317, T-317L (UNS S31700, S31703)	Mechanical Properties – Plate Typical at Room Temperature
Plate	T-317	T-317L
Tensile Strength, psi	85,000	82,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	586	565
Yield Strength, psi	48,000	43,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	330	296
Elongation (%)	51	55.5
Hardness	166 (86)	167 (83)

Stainless Steel T-410, T-410S (UNS S41000, S41008)

12% Chromium hardenable martensitic stainless steel.
Available in most forms – sheet and plate to A176 and A240; bars to A276, A479 and A193 Grade B6

Typical Analysis

T-410
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr
.15 Max	1.0 Max	.040 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	11.50/13.50
T-410S
C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr
.03 Max	2.0 Max	.040 Max	.030 Max	1.0 Max	18/20 Max

Characteristics

T-410 is the basic chromium grade in the ‘400’ series. It can be treated by conventional means to develop high strength properties with good ductility. In fact, it is in the heat treated condition that T-410 develops its maximum corrosion resistance, particularly when ground and polished. And when heat treated to HRC 18/22, with double tempering, per NACE MR01-75, resists corrosion in severe sour gas environments. Excellent for highly stressed parts needing moderate heat and corrosion resistance with high strength.
T-410S limits the carbon content to .08% max for better weldability,mainly in sheet and plate.
T-410 is magnetic in all conditions. It has better machining characteristics than the chromium-nickel grades and is rated at 54% – 90 surface feet per minute.

Typical Applications

Machine parts, pump shafts, blast joints, blow-out preventers, pistons, valve parts, bolts, bushings, jet engine parts, rifle barrels, hardware, cutlery

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

Resists atmospheric corrosion, mild alkalis and acids, food acids, rural and industrial atmospheres. Resists scaling at temperatures up to 675℃ in continuous service.

Heat Treatment

Annealing – Heat to 850℃/900℃ for 30 min. per inch of section thickness and slow cool.
Hardening – Heat to 950℃/1000℃ and quench in oil, water or air according to section and properties required.
Tempering – According to properties required, but the range 400℃/580℃ should be avoided due to low impact values which result at these temperatures. Double tempered at 660℃/640℃ for SSC resistance.

Stainless Steel T-410, T-410S (UNS S41000, S41008)	Mechanical Properties T-410 Annealed – Typical
Spec	Bar	Plate
Tensile Strength, psi	75,000	70,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	517	483
Yield Strength, psi	40,000	35,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	275	241
Elongation (%)	35	30
Hardness	156	149

Stainless Steel T-410, T-410S (UNS S41000, S41008)	Mechanical Properties T-410 Heat Treated – Typical
Spec	Heat Treated to A276 Cond ‘H 21/4″dia.	Heat Treated to A193 Grade B6 – 13/4″ dia	Heat Treated to HRC22 max by double tempering at 1150℉
Tensile Strength, psi	137,900	129,000	100,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	951	809	–
Yield Strength, psi	115,300	109,000	80,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	795	752	–
Elongation (%)	24	22	20
Reduction of Area (%)	69	71	40
Hardness	285	269	Rc 20

Stainless Steel T-416 (UNS S41600)

12% Chromium Free-Machining Hardenable Stainless Steel.
Available mainly in wire and bar sections to ASTM A581 and A582.

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr
.15 Max	1.25 Max	.06 Max	.15 Max	12/14	.60 Max

Characteristics

T-416 is quite simply described as a free-machining modification of T- 410. The addition of phosphorus and sulphur is responsible for improved machinability, but results in some disadvantages such as lower impact values and poor weldability. However, the steel is designed for free- machining and it is the best of all the stainless steels. The rating is as high as 90% – 160 surface feet per minute.

T-416 is mainly supplied in the annealed condition; but it responds to conventional heat treatment and a wide range of mechanical properties may be obtained. It is magnetic in all conditions.

T-416 is also available in Pump Shaft quality.

Typical Applications

T-416 is used in all applications demanding the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of T-410 – plus the free-machining. Pump shafts, pistons, valves, automatic screw machined parts, nuts, bolts, studs.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

Maximum resistance is obtained by hardened material, ground and polished. Excellent resistance to fresh water, mild alkalis and acids, dry atmospheres, neutral and basic salts. Fair resistance to scaling up to 675℃ in continuous service.

Heat Treatment

Annealing – Heat to 850℃/900℃ for 30 minutes per inch of section thickness. Cool slowly in furnace.
Hardening – Heat to 950℃/1000℃ and quench large sections in oil. Small sections may be quenched in air.
Tempering – According to mechanical properties required, but the range of 400℃/580℃ is not recommended.

Stainless Steel T-416 (UNS S41600)	Mechanical Properties – T-416 Annealed Bar sizes – Typical Note that ASTM A582 does not specify detailed mechanical properties for T-416 except that in the annealed condition the hardness shall not exceed HB 262.
Spec	H.R. Ann	Ann & CF
Tensile Strength, psi	75,000	85,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	517	586
Yield Strength, psi	40,000	50,000
Yield Strength, N/mm²	276	345
Elongation (%)	30	30
Reduction of Area (%)	60	60
Hardness	155	174

Stainless Steel T-416 (UNS S41600)	Mechanical Properties – T-416 Wire Sizes ASTM A581 specifies tensile strength as follows
Spec	Cond. ‘A’ – Annealed	Cond. ‘A’ – Annealed	Cond. ‘H’ – Hard Temper
Tensile Strength, psi	85,000/125,000	115,000/145,000	140,000/175,000
Tensile Strength, N/mm²	590/860	790/1000	1000/1210

Stainless Steel T-416 Pump Shaft Quality

This grade is heat treated, centreless ground and polished.

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Cr	Mo	(opt.)
.15 Max	1.25 Max	.06 Max	.15 Max	12/14	.60

Characteristics

T-416 is quite simply described as a free-machining modification of T- 410. The addition of phosphorus and sulphur is responsible for improved machinability, but results in some disadvantages such as lower impact values and poor weldability. However, the steel is designed for free- machining and it is the best of all the stainless steels. The rating is as high as 90% – 160 surface feet per minute.
T-416 is mainly supplied in the annealed condition; but it responds to conventional heat treatment and a wide range of mechanical properties may be obtained. It is magnetic in all conditions.

Typical Applications

T-416 is used in all appIications demanding the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of T-410 – plus the free machining. Pump shafts, pistons, valves, automatic screw machined parts, nuts, bolts, studs.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

Mechanical Properties

100,000 psi minimum tensile strength
85,000 psi minimum yield
15% minimum elongation (in 2″)
45% minimum reduction of area (R/A)
207-248 Brinell hardness

Tolerances

Straightness Tolerance – 0.0015″ per foot
Maximum out-of-round – 1/2 total diameter tol.
Diameter Tolerance:

Size	Tolerance
.750″-.999″	+0/- 0.0020″
1.000″-1.4375″	+0/- 0.0025″
1.4376″-4.000″	+0/- 0.0030″

Stainless Steel 17-4PH, T-630 (UNS S17400)

17-4 Chromium-Nickel Precipitation/Age Hardening martensitic stainless steel
Available mainly in bar and plate – ASTM A564

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni & Cu	Cb+Ta
.07 Max	1.0 Max	.04 Max	.03 Max	1.0 Max	15/17.5	3.0/5.0	.15/.45

Characteristics

17-4PH offers a unique combination of properties: high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, good fatigue strength, superior resistance to galling and seizing, easily heat treated by a short, simple low temperature treatment with minimal distortion and no scaling. Parts may be finish-machined before hardening. It has good fabrication characteristics and is easily weldable.
T-630 is usually supplied in Condition ‘A’, commonly called solution treated, but it should be noted that it can be as hard as HB363, and is frequently HB 321/341. Also the steel should never be put into service in Condition’A’ – the structure is untempered martensite, with low ductility and poor resistance to stress cracking.
See the Data Section for machinability ratings of Condition A and Condition H1150.

Typical Applications

Pump shafts, oil well valves, valve stems and bushings. Aircraft and missile fittings and components, marine propeller shafts and blades, pulp and paper mill equipment, orifice plates, chemical processing equipment, torsion bars, corrosion resistant gears.

Corrosion and Heat Resistance

The corrosion resistance is comparable to T-302/304 in most environments – a wide variety of conditions in the petroleum, chemical, pulp and paper, dairy and food processing industries. May be used in service temperature up to 400℃.

Stainless Steel – 2205 Duplex (UNS S31803/S32205)

a Duplex Austenitic/ Ferritic stainless steel

Typical Analysis

Fe	Cr	Mo	Ni	Si	Mn	C	N	P	S
Bal	21-23	2.5-3.5	4.5-6.5	1.0 Max	2.0 Max	.03 Max	.08-.2	.03 Max	.02 Max

Characteristics

High Strength AND
Duplex UNS S31803/S32205 is a ferritic-austenitic stainless combining high mechanical strength, ductility and hardness with excellent resistance to corrosion and erosion.

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical Test Requirements:
- Tensile – 90,000 psi min
- Yield – 65,000 psi min
- Elongation – 25 % min
- Hardness – 293 HBN Max
Corrosion Resistance:
- The corrosion resistance of S31803/S32205, under most conditions of service, is superior to that of the fully austenitic type 304, 316 and 317L stainless steels. It has excellent resistance to sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, and many other acids and salts.
- Duplex UNS S31803/S32205 is highly resistant to acetic, formic and other organic acids and compounds. It is particularly suitable for the higher concentrations and temperatures where pitting and preferential corrosion are common causes of failure with most conventional austenitic stainless steels in the presence of chlorides and other impurities. Like the austenitic stainless steels, S31803 is not generally suitable for handling hydrochloric acid and other severely reducing acids and chemicals.
Stress-Corrosion Resistance:
- Resists Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
- Duplex UNS S31803/S32205 has improved resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion and pitting when compared to austenitic stainless steels such as types 304, 316, 317L and even the 20Cr-25Ni grades. It is highly resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in sodium chloride, seawater and many other environments.

Fabrication

Hot forming is carried out at 1150-950˚C. However, it should be borne in mind that the mechanical strength of the material is low at high temperatures. At temperatures below 950˚C embrittling can take place on account of the combination of strain and exposure in the sigma phase field. Quench annealing is normally required after hot forming.316, 317L and even the 20Cr-25Ni grades. It is highly resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in sodium chloride, seawater and many other environments.
Cold forming owing to the high yield strength of the steel, greater forces are normally required for the cold forming of S31803/ S32205 than for austenitic steels.

Machining

High alloy duplex steels, such as S31803/S32205, are generally more difficult to machine than conventional austenitic stainless steels such as 17-12-2.5. Duplex steels have a somewhat different property profile than highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels. The main difference is that duplex grades are relatively easier to machine with high speed steel tools than with cemented carbide tools, compared to austenitic stainless steels with a similar alloy content.

Welding

Duplex UNS S31803/ S32205 possesses good weldability. The following instructions should be followed:
- The material should be welded without preheating.
- The material should be allowed to cool between passes, preferably to below 150℃.
- The recommended heat input in order to achieve a good balance between ferrite and austenite in the weld is 1.0-2.5 kJ/mm (aim at 30-60% ferrite). The energy input should be adjusted in proportion to the thickness of the material to be welded. A high energy input and slow cooling reduce the amount of ferrite.
Duplex UNS S31803/ S32205 can be welded using the following methods:
- Welding with covered electrodes (SMAW)
- Gas shielded arc welding such as GTAW (TIG), plasma, GMAW (MIG) and FCW.
- Submerged-arc welding (SAW)
Post weld heat treatment is not normally necessary. In cases where heat treatment is considered, for example for stress relieving, this should be carried out at 1020-1070℃.

Applications

Because of its resistance to chloride pitting and stress-corrosion cracking, S31803/S32205 is finding wide use in place of austenitic stainless steels for handling solutions containing chlorides such as in marine scrubbers. As a result of its wear, erosion and corrosion resistance, S31803/S32205 is particularly suitable for pumps, agitators and other critical components handling hot corrosive slurries.
Special mention should be made of its performance in the production of fertilizer grade phosphoric acid by the “wet” process where the alloy finds extensive application.
Some of the areas or industries of present or potential use for S31803/S32205 products follow:

Chemical Process Industry:	Equipment Handling Fatty Acids, Terephthalic Acid and Polytheonic Acid, Sulfuric Acid Protection, Tank Internals, Rakes, Fasteners in Uranium Extraction
Copper Smelting:	Sulfuric Acid Production, Leaching Area, Precipitators, I.D. Fans, Wet Scrubbers, Tuyere Bars
Marine:	Propeller Shaftings, Cutlass Bearings Seals, Rudders, Desalinization Equipment, Pump Parts, Feed Water Heaters, Fasteners for Off-Shore Platform Gauges
Oil & Gas:	Injection Pumps, Processes for Treating Crude Oil i.e. Desalting, Desulfurization and Distillation, Mild Sour Gas Wells
Petrochemical:	Styrene Monomer Wash Acid Equipment, PVC film Extrusion Dies, Solvent Recovery Absorbers, Low Density Polypropylene Dryer Baffles, Entrainment Separators, Handling Hot Organic Acids i.e. Acetic, Formic, Oxalic Acids With or Without Chlorides Present
Pollution Control:	Centrifuges (Waste Water Clarification), Venturi Scrubbers for Sewage Incinerators, SO2 Scrubbers, Roast Gas Scrubbers (Fan and Vessels), Fans for Garbage Incinerators, Sodium Hypochlorite Scrubbers
Pulp & Paper	Black Liquor Heater Tubes, Digester Blow Valves, Rotary Feed Valves, I.D. Fans, Brownstock Washers, Digester Strainer Plates, Agitator Assemblies (Bleach Plt Mixer), Cyclone Target Plates, Precipitators, Wet Scrubbers, Pump Parts, Recovery Furnace Boiler Tubes, Bleach Agitator Shafts
Wet Phosphoric Acid Production	Digester Agitators, Mixing Tees, Vortex, Piping, Breakers, Centrifuge Parts, Pump Parts, Valves
Urea Porduction	Decomposer Tubes, Pump Parts, Valves, Bolts

ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Case

Duplex UNS S31803/S32205 sheet, strip, plate, bar, pipe and tubing are covered in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I.

Specifications

Duplex UNS S31803/S32205 is covered by the following ASTM, ASME specifications:
ASTM A182/ASME SA-182: Forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe, flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high temperature service
ASTM A240/ASME SA-240: Heat resisting Cr and CrNi stainless steel, plate, sheet, strip for fusion-welded unfired pressure vessels
ASTM A789: Seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
ASTM A790: Seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe

Known also by it’s trade name Nitronic 50, XM-19 Stainless Steel provides a combination of corrosion resistance and strength not found in any other commercial material available in its price range.

Typical Analysis

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	N	Nb	V
0.06 Max	4.0- 6.0	0.040 Max	0.030 Max	1.00 Max	20.5 23.5	11.5- 13.5	1.50- 3.0	0.020- 0.40	0.10- 0.30	0.10 0.30

Characteristics

This austenitic stainless steel has corrosion resistance greater than that provided by Types 316, 316L, 317 and 317L, plus approximately twice the yield strength at room temperature. In addition, XM-19 Stainless Steel has very good mechanical properties at both elevated and sub-zero temperatures. And, unlike many austenitic stainless steels, XM-19 does not become magnetic when cold worked or cooled to sub-zero temperatures. High Strength (HS) XM-19 Stainless Steel has a yield strength about three to four times that of Type 316 stainless steel.

Applications

XM-19 is ideal in applications where 316L and 317L are only marginal. It has found wide use in petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, pulp & paper, textile, nuclear, and marine industries. The relative high strength and corrosion resistance of both the annealed condition and high strength condition of the alloy find wide application in oil and gas production for pump shafts, sucker rods and hydraulic manifold blocks for blow-out preventer. In addition the low magnetic permeability make it valuable for down-hole non-magnetic drill string components and “MWD” (measure while drilling) housings.

Minimum Room Temperature Tensile Properties of High Strength (HS) Bars
Size -Inch (MM)	UTS ksi (Mpa)	0.2% YS ksi (Mpa)	Elongation	Reduction of Area %	Hardness Brinell	Charpy V-Notch ft lbs (J)
3/4 to 1 1/4 (17.5 to 31.8)	145 (1000)	130 (896)	18	45	283	80 (108)
Over 1 1/4 to 2 incl (31.8 to 50.8)	135 (931)	105 (724)	20	50	260	100 (135)
Over 2 to 2 1/2 (50.8 to 63.5)	120 (827)	95 (655)	20	50	220	100 (135)
Over 2 1/2 to 3 incl	115 (793)	75 (517)	25	50	210	100 (135)

Also available in annealed.

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